New drug may be better against H1N1, bird flu

An experimental new drug could be more effective than existing drugs against swine flu and bird flu, a UW-Madison researcher found.

The drug, T-705, or favipiravir, was previously found to be effective against swine flu, or H1N1। Now Yoshihiro Kawaoka, a virologist at the university, has shown that the drug protects mice against bird flu, or H5N1।

Kawaoka and other flu experts consider bird flu to be a more dangerous global threat than swine flu because it is more deadly, even though it hasn't become as widespread in people.

T-705, developed by the Japanese company Toyama, could offer an alternative to Tamiflu, the main drug against all kinds of flu, Kawaoka said. Some flu viruses have become resistant to Tamiflu, so other drugs are needed, he said.

"We need a drug that targets different molecules of the influenza virus," Kawaoka said.

T-705, which attacks a different flu molecule than Tamiflu does, is being tested in people in Japan.

Kawaoka compared T-705 and Tamiflu in mice infected with bird flu. T-705 worked as well or better than Tamiflu, he found in a study published Monday in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

When both drugs were given three days after infection, T-705 worked twice as well at Tamiflu, the study found. That is significant because many flu patients aren't able to get medical care soon enough for Tamiflu to be helpful, Kawaoka said.

While swine flu has been getting significant attention in recent months and is more of an immediate concern, bird flu remains more of a threat because its potential to kill appears to be greater, Kawaoka said.

Relatively few cases of bird flu have been reported this year in people, but a man died from it last month in Vietnam, according to the World Health Organzation.

Meanwhile, vaccine against swine flu is widely available in Wisconsin after a shortage this fall. The Madison-Dane County Health Department plans to resume school-based clinics next month, spokesman Jeff Golden said.

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A New Hope with a new drug for H1N1 Flu

Athena Gurno thought her allergies were acting up when she started coughing in early October. But within days, Ms. Gurno, the 30-year-old mother of a young girl, was in a Seattle hospital, close to death from the H1N1 flu.

Desperate, her doctors tried a still-experimental drug called peramivir. After getting her second dose, Ms. Gurno started to recover, though she is still in intensive care, according to her father, John Spikowski.

“This saved Athena’s life,” Mr. Spikowski reported on a blog that tracks his daughter’s progress.

Peramivir might also be a life saver for its developer, BioCryst Pharmaceuticals, an unprofitable biotechnology company in Birmingham, Ala., that was founded in 1986 but has not yet had a drug reach the market.

On Thursday, the federal government ordered, on an emergency basis, 10,000 treatment courses of peramivir for its national stockpile. It is paying $22.5 million, or about $2,250 a patient. Shares of BioCryst rose nearly 13 percent, to $11.39.

Peramivir is given intravenously, making it usable by hospitalized patients who are too ill to take two approved flu drugs that work against the virus in similar ways — Tamiflu by Roche, which is typically given as a pill, or Relenza from GlaxoSmithKline, which is inhaled.

Late Thursday, the government announced orders for intravenous versions of Tamiflu and Relenza, which are much cheaper — a development that could force shares of BioCryst to give up some of their gains on Friday.

Peramivir, still being tested in clinical trials, is not approved by the Food and Drug Administration for general use. But on Oct. 23, the F.D.A. granted authority for the drug to be used in emergencies for patients hospitalized with H1N1 flu who cannot take or do not benefit from Tamiflu or Relenza.

Before that, peramivir had been available only through a more cumbersome “compassionate use” procedure. Of the 32 patients who received the drug that way, 29 were still alive, BioCryst said in late October.

Although there are still questions about peramivir’s true effectiveness, some critics say the government moved too slowly to make the drug available, and that even now, access is too restricted. For each patient, doctors must call an 800 number or fill out a form on a Web site run by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The drug is then sent overnight from a central stockpile.

“If you have a critically ill patient, to delay therapy, it’s just incomprehensible to me,” said Dr. Richard Whitley, a professor at the University of Alabama and the president of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. He said the drug should be distributed so that hospitals could have it in stock.

But Dr. Nicole Lurie, assistant secretary for preparedness and response at the Department of Health and Human Services, said the limited supplies made more general distribution impossible. Some doctors said they were satisfied with the existing system.

“I think it’s fairly accessible,” said Dr. Thomas M. File Jr., chief of infectious diseases at Summa Health System in Akron, Ohio, who has treated a pregnant woman with peramivir. Some of the push to make the drug more widely available is coming from investors in BioCryst, including Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers, the prominent Silicon Valley venture capital firm. John Doerr, the company’s technology guru, was in Washington this week making the case for greater availability of peramivir, according to a person who met with him there.

Other investors — both supporters of BioCryst stock and those betting the price will fall — have commented at government meetings on flu preparations, often without revealing their financial interests.

Anecdotes like Ms. Gurno’s aside, the efficacy of peramivir is still in question, according to the government. While some clinical trials showed the drug had an effect in resolving flu symptoms, others did not show statistically significant differences between peramivir and either a placebo or Tamiflu.

The question for both investors and federal authorities is how much more of the drug BioCryst can sell. So far, the order has been far less than some investors had hoped, though the price of the order announced Thursday was higher than expected.

Dr. Lurie, the federal official, said there had been 237 requests to use the drug since the emergency use authorization was granted nearly two weeks ago. Many doctors want to provide the treatment for 10 days instead of the recommended 5, she said, so the 10,000 courses the government ordered might actually treat as few as 5,000 patients.

The government has the right to buy up to 30,000 more treatment courses at the same price.

BioCryst says it will have perhaps 40,000 more treatment courses available within a few weeks, and a total of 120,000 by the end of the year. It also says it has signed up partners to try to win sales in Brazil, Mexico, Israel and China.

“We’re getting a lot of interest from countries outside the United States,” Jon P. Stonehouse, the company’s chief executive, said in an interview Thursday.

Shionogi, a Japanese drug company with licensing rights from BioCryst, ran its own clinical trials and this week applied for approval to sell the drug in Japan as a treatment for everyday flu, in competition with Tamiflu.

But in the United States, BioCryst plans to try to win approval for treatment only of hospitalized patients. It is now beginning phase 3 trials — the last stage before seeking F.D.A. approval.

Virtually all the money to develop the drug comes from $180 million in grants from the Department of Health and Human Services. Yet the company gets to keep as profit anything it makes from selling the drug to the federal government or to other governments. Mr. Stonehouse defended the price of the drug, saying it would save the health system money by getting patients out of intensive care earlier. “The cost of being in the I.C.U. and on a ventilator is extremely high,” he said.

But peramivir will soon have competition. The federal government said late Thursday that it had also ordered 10,000 treatment courses each of intravenous versions of Tamiflu and Relenza, with options to buy 30,000 more courses of each.

Those drugs could not be used, however, until they received emergency use authorizations from the F.D.A.

The government is paying an average of only $450 a course for those other drugs — only one-fifth of what it is paying for peramivir.

Right now, Dr. Lurie said, peramivir is the only drug that can be used intravenously so the government had to pay a high price. “I would say that one of the things that happens in the market when you have competition is that the price drops.”

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